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81.
Comparison of the effects of concentration, pH and anion species on astringency and sourness of organic acids 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
The separate effects of concentration, pH and anion species on intensity of
sourness and astringency of organic acids were evaluated. Judges rated
sourness and astringency intensity of lactic, malic, tartaric and citric
acid solutions at three levels of constant pH varying in normality and at
three levels of constant concentration varying in pH. To assess the
comparative sourness and astringency of the organic acid anions of study,
binary acid solutions matched in pH and titratable acidity were also rated.
As pH was decreased in equinormal solutions, both sourness and astringency
increased significantly (P < 0.001). By contrast, as the normality of
the equi-pH solutions was increased, only sourness demonstrated significant
increases (P < 0.001) while astringency remained constant or decreased
slightly. At the lowest normality tested, all solutions were more
astringent than sour (P < 0.05). Although lactic acid was found to be
significantly more sour than citric acid (P < 0.05), no other sourness
or astringency differences among the organic acid anions were noted. This
study demonstrates for the first time that astringency elicited by acids is
a function of pH and not concentration or anion species, and confirms that
sourness is independently influenced by concentration, pH and anion species
of the acid.
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82.
Patterns of ribosomal RNA evolution in salamanders 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Sequence comparisons are presented for four segments of the large subunit
of ribosomal RNA, including divergent domains D7a and D7b, portions of the
large divergent domains D2, D3, and D8, and evolutionarily conservative
sequences flanking divergent domains. These results resolve phylogenetic
relationships among exemplars of seven families of salamanders and the
three amphibian orders. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the prediction that
divergent domains feature the highest relative rates of base substitution
and length variation within the ribosome, but the divergent domains evolve
more slowly than nuclear noncoding DNA and the silent sites of structural
genes. Base substitutions demonstrate approximately twice as many
transitions as transversions and an uneven distribution among sites within
the divergent domains but no apparent bias in base composition. Length
mutations are primarily small insertions and deletions, with deletions
predominating. The divergent domains appear to be a good source of
phylogenetic information for evolutionary events occurring approximately
100-200 million years ago.
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83.
Victoria Cavaliere Daniela L Papademetrio Mario Lorenzetti Pamela Valva María Victoria Preciado Patricia Gargallo Irene Larripa Mariela B Monreal María Laura Pardo Silvia E Hajos Guillermo AC Blanco élida MC álvarez 《Translational oncology》2009,2(1):46-58
Chemotherapy aims to limit proliferation and induce apoptotic cell death in tumor cells. Owing to blockade of signaling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inhibitors can induce apoptosis in a number of hematological malignancies. The efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, such as vincristine (VCR) and doxorubicine (DOX), may be enhanced with combined therapy based on NF-κB modulation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE) and MG-132, two nonspecific NF-κB inhibitors, and conventional chemotherapeutics drugs DOX and VCR on cell proliferation and apoptosis induction on a lymphoblastoid B-cell line, PL104, established and characterized in our laboratory. CAPE and MG-132 treatment showed a strong antiproliferative effect accompanied by clear cell cycle deregulation and apoptosis induction. Doxorubicine and VCR showed antiproliferative effects similar to those of CAPE and MG-132, although the latter drugs showed an apoptotic rate two-fold higher than DOX and VCR. None of the four compounds showed cytotoxic effect on peripheral mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers. CAPE- and MG-132-treated bone marrow cells from patients with myeloid and lymphoid leukemias showed 69% (P < .001) and 25% decrease (P < .01) in cell proliferation and 42% and 34% (P < .01) apoptosis induction, respectively. Overall, our results indicate that CAPE and MG-132 had a strong and selective apoptotic effect on tumor cells that may be useful in future treatment of hematological neoplasias. 相似文献
84.
Igor Y Oshkin David AC Beck Andrew E Lamb Veronika Tchesnokova Gabrielle Benuska Tami L McTaggart Marina G Kalyuzhnaya Svetlana N Dedysh Mary E Lidstrom Ludmila Chistoserdova 《The ISME journal》2015,9(5):1119-1129
We report observations on the dynamics of bacterial communities in response to methane stimulus in laboratory microcosm incubations prepared with lake sediment samples. We first measured taxonomic compositions of long-term enrichment cultures and determined that, although dominated by Methylococcaceae types, these cultures also contained accompanying types belonging to a limited number of bacterial taxa, methylotrophs and non-methylotrophs. We then followed the short-term community dynamics, in two oxygen tension regimens (150 μM and 15 μM), observing rapid loss of species diversity. In all microcosms, a single type of Methylobacter represented the major methane-oxidizing partner. The accompanying members of the communities revealed different trajectories in response to different oxygen tensions, with Methylotenera species being the early responders to methane stimulus under both conditions. The communities in both conditions were convergent in terms of their assemblage, suggesting selection for specific taxa. Our results support prior observations from metagenomics on distribution of carbon from methane among diverse bacterial populations and further suggest that communities are likely responsible for methane cycling, rather than a single type of microbe. 相似文献
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Copper sulfate can cause different pathologies in different organ systems during development. We determined the effects of toxic levels of copper sulfate on brain development in term Hubbard broiler chicks using stereological and biochemical analyses. Hubbard broiler chicken eggs were divided into three groups: controls with no treatment, sham-treated animals and an experimental group. On day 1, 0.1 ml saline was injected into the air chambers of the sham and experimental groups. The experimental group received also 50 μg copper sulfate. At term (day 21), all chick brains were removed and their volumes were determined using the Cavalieri volume estimation. Parallel biochemical analyses were carried out for glutathione and malondialdehyde levels in the brain tissues as indicators of oxidative damage. With copper treatment, the mean brain volume (8079 μm3) was significantly decreased compared to both the control (10075 μm3) and sham (9547 μm3) groups. Copper treatment (143.8 nmol/g tissue) showed significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels compared to the control (293.6 nmol/g tissue) and sham groups (268.8 nmol/g tissue). Copper treatment (404.5 nmol/g tissue) showed significantly increased malondialdehyde levels compared to the control (158.6 nmol/g tissue) and sham (142.8 nmol/g tissue) groups. The morphological and biochemical parameters we measured demonstrated that in term Hubbard broiler chicks, toxic levels of copper sulfate cause developmental and oxidative brain damage. 相似文献
88.
The crystal structure of the antitumor antibiotic actinomycin D has been determined by the methods of x-ray crystallography. There are three independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. Two of the molecules form a hydrogen-bonded dimer. The peptides within all three molecules have very similar conformations. The greatest conformational variability in the drug molecules occurs in the torsion angles of the bonds connecting the phenoxazone ring to the peptide rings. The results of this analysis has allowed us to explain the unusual physical properties of ActD as well as to provide an explanation for the thermodynamics of its interactions with DNA. 相似文献
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